To what extent was the Great Trek undertaken to preserve Afrikaner culture? Sign in to write a comment. Read the ebook. Development and Demise of Orkney Norn Star Trek - The Americanization of Space. Star Trek - How humanity should be? A post-colonial approach to Science F Where no man has gone before - Star T Star Trek: Medienwechsel - von der Se Geskiedenis vir Suid-Afrika of ons verlede, deel 2, Stellenbosch: Pro Ecclesia.
Giliomee, H. Processes in development of the Southern African frontier. Thompson eds. The frontier in history; North America and Southern Africa compared. New Haven: Yale University Press. The Afrikaners; biography of a people. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika. Kaapstad: Tafelberg. Hamilton, C. Hamilton ed. The Mfecane aftermath; reconstructive debates in Southern African history. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. July, R. A history of the African people. Prospect Heights, Ill. Keegan, T.
Rural transformations in industrializing South Africa; the southern Highveld to Colonial South Africa and the origins of the racial order. Cape Town: Philip. Lester, A. Redrawing cartographies of power. Journal of Southern African Studies, 28 3 Macmillan, W.
The Cape colour question; a historical survey. Bantu, Boer and Briton; the making of the South African native problem. Oxford: Clarendon. Revised edition; first edition Magubane, B. The political economy of race and class in South Africa. New York: Monthly Review Press. Majeke pseudonym of D. Johannesburg: Society of Young Africa. Malan, J. Boer en barbaar of die lotgevalle van die Voortrekkers, viral tussen die jare en Potchefstroom: Unie Lees- en Studiebibliotheek.
Maylam, P. South Africa's racial past; the history and historiography of racism, segregation and apartheid. Aldershot: Ashgate. Muller, C. Die hervertolking van ons geskiedenis. Pretoria: Universiteit van Suid-Afrika. Die oorsprong van die Groot Trek. Die Groot Trek-tydperk, Muller red. Vyfhonderd jaar Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis. Pretoria: Academica. Derde uitgawe. Nathan, M. The Voortrekkers of South Africa; from the earliest times to the foundation of the republics.
Omer-Cooper, J. The Zulu aftermath; a nineteenth-century revolution in Bantu Africa. The Mfecane survives its critics. Parsons, N. A new history of Southern Africa. Reviving the Treks debates. Peires, J. The British and the Cape, Preller, G. Piet Retief; lewensgeskiedenis van die grote Voortrekker. Kaapstad: Nationale Pers. Tiende uitgawe. Reader's Digest publisher. Reader's Digest illustrated history of South Africa; the real story. Military prowess was of paramount importance to the trekker expedition.
It had to be, for they were invading and conquering lands to which African societies themselves lay claim. Bound by a common purpose, the trekkers were a people's army in the true sense of the word, with the whole family being drawn into military defence and attack. For instance, the loading of the sanna the name they gave to the muzzle-loading rifles they used was a complicated procedure and so the Boers used more than one gun at a time - while aiming and firing at the enemy with one, their wives and children would be loading another.
Armed with rifles on their backs and a kruithoring powder horn and bandolier a bullet container made of hartebeest, kudu or ox-hide strapped to their belts, formidable groups of trekkers would ride into battle. Bullets were often sawn nearly through to make them split and fly in different directions, and buckshot was prepared by casting lead into reeds and then chopping it up.
Part of every man's gear was his knife, with a blade about 20 centimetres in length. When approaching the battlefield, the wagons would be drawn into a circle and the openings between the wheels filled with branches to fire through and hide behind. When they eventually settled down, the structure of many of the houses they built - square, with thick walls and tiny windows - resembled small fortresses.
The distinction between hunting and raiding parties was often blurred in trekker society. Killing and looting were their business, land and labour their spoils. When the trekkers arrived in the Transvaal they experienced an acute labour shortage. They did not work their own fields themselves and instead used Pedi who sold their labour mainly to buy arms and ammunition.
During commando onslaughts, particularly in the eastern Transvaal, thousands of young children were captured to become inboekselings 'indentured people'.
These children were indentured to their masters until adulthood the age of 21 in the case of women and 25 in the case of men , but many remained bound to their masters for much longer. This system was akin to child slavery, and a more vicious application of the apprenticeship laws promulgated at the Cape in and Child slavery was even more prevalent in the northern Soutpansberg area of the Transvaal.
It has been suggested that when these northern Boers could no longer secure white ivory for trade at Delagoa Bay, 'black ivory' a euphemism widely used for African children began to replace it as a lucrative item of trade. Children were more amenable to new ways of life, and it was hoped that the inboekselings would assimilate Boer cultural patterns and create a 'buffer class' against increasing African resistance.
The trekkers' first major confrontation was with Mzilikazi, founder and king of the Ndebele. After leaving the Cape, the trekkers made their first base near Thaba Nchu, the great place of Moroka, the Rolong chief.
In the Ndebele were in the path of a trekker expedition heading northwards and led by Andries Hendrik Potgieter. The Ndebele were attacked by a Boer commando led by Potgieter, but Mzilikazi retaliated and the Boers retreated to their main laager at Vegkop. There in October, in a short and fierce battle which lasted half an hour, 40 trekkers succeeded in beating off an attack by Ndebele warriors.
Both sides suffered heavy losses - Ndebele were killed, and the trekkers lost thousands of sheep and cattle as well as their trek oxen. But a few days later, Moroka and the missionary Archbell rescued them with food and oxen. Gert Maritz and his party joined these trekkers in Transorangia later the Orange Free State and in January , with the help of a small force of Griqua, Kora, Rolong and Tlokwa, they captured Mzilikazi 's stronghold at Mosega and drove the Ndebele further north.
The trekkers then concluded treaties of friendship with Moroka and Sekonyela chief of the Tlokwa. When Piet Retief and his followers split away and moved eastwards to Natal, both Potgieter and Piet Uys remained determined to break the Ndebele. At the end of , trekkers besieged Mzilikazi 's forces in the Marico valley, and Mzilikazi fled across the Limpopo River to present-day Zimbabwe.
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One of the most important causes of the Great Trek in South Africa was the unrest on the eastern border. The government was unable to segregate the Xhosas from the whites and the two groups kept on clashing. Not even the establishment of neutral territory could keep the parties from becoming involved in battles with each other.
Some governors did more than others to protect the frontier farmers but there was nevertheless a significant number of wars on the eastern frontier.
During the sixth eastern frontier war, farmers lost livestock to the value of R Vagrant Hottentots also plundered the farms.
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