Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, Liu, K. Lee, and H. Ayasso and A. Liu and H. Davies, W. Schulte, M. Barnett, Eds. Berlin: Springer, Munro, Eds. Boston: Kluwer Academic, Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The Australian , p. Elliott and C. Patent 3 , Jul. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.
If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. University of Pittsburgh Library System. Use this brief guide to five major styles. Resources, References, and Plagiarism Helpful hints to avoid plagiarism. Reference list entries should appear in the order the sources are cited in the text of the paper, beginning with [1], and continuing in the ascending numerical order, from the lowest number to the highest. Reference list entries do not follow an alphabetical order by author or title of sources.
Refer to the information on the Sample Reference List tab of this guide. Direct quotes are used to support an argument showing the exact words and phrases of an author according to the original source. Baez et al. In fact, Wilde at al. If you need to leave some unnecessary words out of the quotation, use a set of dots … , called an ellipsis , indicating a break in quotes.
As seen in [5, p. If you use longer quotations of three lines and more , use a block quotation by setting the block of quoted text as a paragraph. Use smaller font size for block quotations, and also indent them from both margins, for example:. It is also desirable to minimize the parasitic capacitance of electronic packages because it is another source of signal delay.
Consequently, a very low relative dielectric constant insulating material should be used whenever possible, since the relative dielectric constant is a measure of a material's total polarizability and determines its charge storage capacity with respect to a vacuum [7, p. Provide the in-text citation in square brackets after the quotation, along with the page number s of the source where the quoted words or phrases are taken from. In the Reference list, provide page numbers if you are referencing a section or chapter of the source:.
When you are paraphrasing, that is, expressing an idea or a fact found in a source using different words, a reference citing the source should always be given. Provide your citation number directly after the reference - this is not necessarily at the end of the sentence, unless it is where the reference occurs:. Page numbers are generally not given for paraphrases, but can still be given along with the citation number within the main text of the paper if you are referring to a specific theory or idea in a source, or alternatively in the reference list.
This enables the reader to locate the specific information you are referring to. Longer sections of an article, book or another source, do not require a page number.
For example:. These media have been used in many communication system applications, such as linearising high power amplifiers [8, p. Always provide page number s in the in-text citation when quoting directly refer to How to use quotes in IEEE section.
It is not necessary to provide page number s : 1 if you are referring to an entire work, 2 if you are paraphrasing or summarising a longer section, or 3 if the work is only one page long.
However, if you are paraphrasing, summarising or referring to a specific theory or idea in a text, you may still provide a page number, a page range or the paragraph number along with the in-text citation, as this helps the reader locate the relevant passage, especially if it is in a long or complex text, or if you need to refer to the same source on a number of occasions. If not already provided along with the in-text citation, the page number, or a range of page numbers may alternatively be provided in the reference list to help identify the relevant place in a source where the information is found.
Also keep in mind that pagination may not be present for many electronic sources. Chapter … as argued in [6, Ch. Figure … as seen in [8, Fig. Table … as shown in [7, Tab. Appendix … shown in a greater detail in [8, Appendix IV].
Section … as suggested in [5, Sec. For referring to tables, figures, and equations, refer to more examples in Figures, tables and equations from another source. Observe the following guidelines when referring to place of publication.
Use abbreviations for U. Sinnema, Digital, Analog, and Data Communication. Reston, NJ: Reston Pub. For books published in the U. Sze, Principles of Semiconductor Devices , 2nd ed. New York: Nova Science Publishers, , p. For books published in the rest of the world, publication city not well known.
Smith, Modern Information. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Collecting sources for an academic paper and then citing them can be rather time-consuming and tedious. Many students find the citation process too complicated and often overlook its importance. So, why is citing sources vital for your academic performance? First of all, citing external sources helps students show their professors that they have invested time and effort into researching the given topic. Also, this process has a few other purposes:.
In both cases, it means adding credibility to your own paper, making it look more trustworthy and complete, and establishing yourself as an authoritative author. At the same time, you risk the uniqueness of your paper; as simply using external resources without citing them is most often considered plagiarism.
Both issues can lead to a low grade, failure of the task, or even expulsion. Besides, IEEE has a special definition of plagiarism. Plagiarism is a severe breach of professional conduct. How would you feel? Acknowledging the Works of Other Specialists The main purpose of citing sources is to give credit to the works of other people, wherever it is pertinent.
When creating each citation, you acknowledge the hard work, time, and effort another person has put into his or her research. Our custom dissertation writing service will answer all your questions in the shape of an IEEE paper written from scratch.
Centered, enumerated by Roman numerals, followed by a period. The first letter is set to 10pt. Flush left, enumerated by capital letters, followed by a period, upper and lower case, italic, 10pt. Indented one em, enumerated by Arabic numerals followed by a parenthesis, it runs into the text in its sections, upper and lower case, italic, and followed by a colon. All set to 10pt. Same as tertiary, with the following exceptions: indented two ems, enumerated by lower case letters, and only requires capitalizing the first letter of the heading.
Enumeration of section headings is preferable, but not mandatory — the author can use his or her preference. However, the chosen format should be consistently followed throughout the entire paper. Apart from section headings, there are also Appendix, Reference, and Acknowledgement headings, which are formatted differently:. The authors are allowed to use either letters or Roman numerals to enumerate Appendix headings e. Appendix A or Appendix I —but note that it should not be preceded by a Roman numeral.
In case you only have one Appendix in the paper, its heading remains unnamed and unnumbered. Reference and Acknowledgement headings — should be formatted like primary headings. However, these should never be labeled or enumerated. If you need to specify any financial support for the work, it should be listed in the first paragraph instead of the Acknowledgement section.
If you need to cite names in the Acknowledgement section, do not use full names and honorables like Mr. Instead, only list first initials followed by a family name. You can still use titles like Prof. Do NOT include information about any financial support in the Acknowledgement section, place it in the first paragraph of the first footnote instead.
As was already mentioned, every reference has a corresponding IEEE citation within the main body of the essay or research paper.
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